Description Protective clothing protects wearers from hostile environments, including extremes of heat and cold. Whilst some types of protective clothing may be designed primarily for non-thermal hazards (e.g. biological hazards), a key challenge in all protective clothing remains wearer comfort and the management of thermal stress (i.e. excessive heat or cold). This book reviews key types of protective clothing, technologies for heating and cooling and, finally, modeling aspects of thermal stress and strain. Key Features Explores different types of protective clothing, their uses and their requirements, with an emphasis on full-scale or prototype clothing, including immersion suits, body armour and space suits Considers novel and commercial technologies for regulating temperature in protective clothing, including phase change materials, shape memory alloys, electrically heated clothing and air and water perfusion-based cooling systems Reviews the human thermoregulatory system and the methods of modelling of thermal stress in protective clothing through various conditions, including cold water survival and firefighting Readership R&D managers in the textiles industry, academic researchers, safety and health practitioners. Table of Contents Part I: Types of protective clothing and their requirements 1. Cold-protective clothing: types, design and standards Abstract: 1.1 Introduction: types of cold-protective clothing 1.2 Human responses to cold 1.3 Requirements of cold-protective clothing 1.4 Design of clothing to protect wearers from the cold 1.5 Examples and applications of cold-protective clothing 1.6 Standards and testing for cold-protective clothing 1.7 Conclusions: key challenges in managing thermal stress in the cold 1.8 Future trends 1.9 Source of further information and advice 1.10 References 2. Cold-water immersion suits Abstract: 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Maintenance, fit and sizing of immersion suits 2.3 Thermal ratings for immersion suits 2.4 Managing thermal protection/stress associated with cold water: the problem of water ingress 2.5 Assessing the performance of immersion suits in resisting water ingress 2.6 Protecting airways and hands 2.7 Active heating systems for immersion suits 2.8 Effect of environmental factors and flotation position on performance of immersion suits 2.9 Conclusions and recommendations 2.10 References 3. Clothing for protection against heat and flames Abstract: 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Types of clothing for protection against heat and flames 3.3 The human response to heat 3.4 Requirements for heat- and flame-protective clothing 3.5 Challenges in managing thermal stress 3.6 Design of clothing for protection against heat and flames 3.7 Future trends 3.8 Conclusions 3.9 References 4. Clothing for protection against hot-liquid splash and steam hazards Abstract: 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Requirements of clothing for protection against hot-liquid splash and steam hazards 4.3 Assessment methods and standards 4.4 Examples and applications of protective materials 4.5 Thermal stored energy and its contribution to burn injury 4.6 Conclusions and future trends 4.7 References 5. Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing Abstract: 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Types of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) threats 5.3 Personal protective equipment for specific routes of exposure 5.4 Respiratory protection 5.5 Total body protection 5.6 Standard test methods for evaluating chemical-protective materials 5.7 Standard test methods for evaluating whole CBRN ensembles 5.8 Impact of wearing CBRN protective clothing 5.9 Conclusions and future trends 5.10 Sources of further information and advice 5.11 References 6. Ballistic-protective clothing and body armour Abstract: 6.1 Introduction 6.2 UK military ballistic-protective clothing 6.3 Environmental operating conditions 6.4 Test methods 6.5 Thermophysiological aspects 6.6 Conclusions and future trends 6.7 References 7. Spacesuits: development and design for thermal comfort Abstract: 7.1 Introduction 7.2 US spacesuit systems 7.3 History and evolution of the spacesuit 7.4 Challenges related to thermal comfort 7.5 Physiological design 7.6 Challenges related to glove function 7.7 Future trends 7.8 Conclusions 7.9 References 7.10 Appendix: abbreviations 8. Medical protective clothing Abstract: 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Key requirements for surgical gowns: protection 8.3 Key requirements for surgical gowns: thermophysical comfort 8.4 Limitations of current surgical gowns 8.5 Performance of surgical gowns: a case study 8.6 Measuring the thermal and water vapour resistance of surgical fabric assemblies 8.7 Thermal comfort attributes of various fabric assemblies 8.8 Thermal comfort attributes of various surgical ensembles 8.9 Conclusions and future trends 8.10 References Part II: Technologies for warming or cooling in protective clothing 9. Phase-change materials (PCMs) for warming or cooling in protective clothing Abstract: 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principles and types of phase-change materials (PCMs) 9.3 Incorporating PCMs into clothing for warming and cooling 9.3.5 Smart textiles 9.4 Factors determining PCM warming and cooling effects 9.5 Applications of PCMs for warming or cooling 9.6 Standards and testing 9.7 Challenges and future trends 9.8 References 10. Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) for warming or cooling in protective clothing Abstract: 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Principles of shape-memory alloys (SMAs) 10.3 Incorporating SMAs into clothing for warming and cooling 10.4 Standards and testing 10.5 Conclusions and future trends 10.7 Acknowledgements 10.6 Sources of further information and advice 10.8 References 11. Electrically heated clothing (EHC) for protection against cold stress Abstract: 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Design requirements for electrically heated clothing (EHC) 11.3 Heat transfer processes in EHC 11.4 Key components in EHC 11.5 Performance assessment of EHC 11.6 Conclusions and future trends 11.7 Sources of further information and advice 11.8 References 12. Air and water perfusion-based personal cooling systems (PCSs) to protect against heat stress in protective clothing Abstract: 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Basic requirements of personal cooling systems (PCSs) 12.3 Design parameters of PCSs 12.4 Assessing the performance of PCSs 12.5 Conclusions and future trends 12.7 Acknowledgement 12.6 Sources of further information and advice 12.8 References Part III: Understanding and modelling thermal stress in protective clothing 13. The human thermoregulatory system and its response to thermal stress Abstract: 13.1 Introduction: the physiology of heat balance 13.2 Physiological adaptations in response to heat or cold 13.3 Heat stress and thermoeffector responses: sweating 13.4 Heat stress and thermoeffector responses: cutaneous vasodilation 13.5 Thermoregulation during challenges to human heat balance 13.6 Nonthermal modulators of thermoeffector responses 13.7 The body’s capacity to dissipate heat and its impact on performance 13.8 Factors affecting heat-stress response: physical characteristics/body composition and fitness 13.9 Factors affecting heat stress response: heat acclimation 13.10 Factors affecting heat stress response: sex, age and chronic disease 13.11 Factors affecting heat stress response: hydration 13.12 Factors affecting heat stress response: cardiovascular function 13.13 Conclusion 13.14 References 14. Modelling of cold stress and cold strain in protective clothing Abstract: 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Cold-related injuries 14.3 Assessment of cold stress 14.4 Modelling of cold strain 14.5 Work practices for cold workplaces 14.6 Conclusions 14.8 Acknowledgements 14.7 Sources of further information and advice 14.9 References 15. Cold-exposure survival and modeling offshore antiexposure garments Abstract: 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Hypothermia without immersion 15.3 Medical consequences of hypothermia during immersion in cold water 15.4 Expected survival time for accidental immersion 15.5 Certification of antiexposure suits 15.6 Human thermal models applied to testing of antiexposure suits 15.7 Validation of a human thermal model for antiexposure suit testing 15.8 Results from modeling and experimental studies 15.9 Interpretation of the CORD data 15.10 Summary 15.11 References 16. Modeling heat stress and heat strain in protective clothing Abstract: 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The body’s microenvironment and thermal stress 16.3 Effects of protective clothing and work conditions 16.4 Modeling heat stress in protective clothing 16.5 Future trends 16.6 Sources of further information and advice 16.7 References 17. Modeling thermal skin burning in protective clothing Abstract: 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Skin: function and structure 17.3 Skin burns 17.4 Heat transfer in the skin 17.5 Modeling skin burns 17.6 Skin burns in protective clothing 17.7 Future trends 17.8 Conclusions 17.9 References Index
